In this work, we demonstrate a cavity-free optical circulator with low insertion loss by making use of a far-detuned nonlinear Raman process with the assistance of the atomic Doppler effect. Simen Martinussen, Erwin Berenschot, Dawson Bonneville, Kai Wang, Meindert Dijkstra, Niels Tas, Sonia García-Blanco, and Roald Tiggelaar Opt. Express 32 (21), 36835-36847 (2024) View: HTML | PDF Opt. Express 32 (21), 37310-37322 (2024) View:. The ABSTRACT optical circulator is one of the key devices in the optical add-drop modules (OADMs) used in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology, which finds applications in large-capacity long-haul telecommunications systems. Return loss (RL): how well reflections are suppressed (higher is better). Due to the large detuning, the excited state can be adiabatically eliminated, resulting in nearly vanishing. This article provides an overview of the established and modern optical sensing methods, as well as the use of artificial intelligence as an evaluation method, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages.
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